STAGE AGES	FREUD PSYCHOSEXUAL	ERIKSON PSYCHOSOCIAL	PIAGET COGNITIVE	KOHLBERG MORAL	FOWLER SPIRITUAL	DUVAL FAMILY
Infant Birth - 1 yr. Identify with maternal person	Oral	Trust vs. Mistrust Basic needs are met	Sensorimotor 1° Circular (reflex activity repeated) 2 ° Circular (intention) 3 ° Circular (explore/trial) Object permanence		0 - Undifferentiated Trust = foundation of faith	Establishment & Expectant stages precede Childrearing Stage & integration of infants & young children to family
Toddler 1 - 3 yrs Identify with parental persons	Anal	Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt	End of Sensorimotor beginning or PRE-OPERATIONAL LANGUAGE, Not logical PRE-CONCEPTUAL Egocentric Centration
Pre-School 3-6 yrs Identify with basic family	Oedipal	Initiative vs. Guilt	PRE-OPERATIONAL “Egocentrism” decreases, Aware of other’s thoughts Magical/animistic	Pre-conventional “Egocentric” Avoid punishment Satisfy own needs	1 - Intuitive, Projective: Imitate Assimilate values	Preschool Age: Adapt to needs of young child, Cope with low Energy & privacy lack
School Age 6-10/12 yrs. Identify with Neighborhood, school	Latent	Industry vs. Inferiority	Concrete Operations “Literal” Logical principles Meanings, classify	Conventional “Societal” Please others Obey rules	2 - Mythical-literal Omnipotent Deity Good is rewarded	School Age, Fit into community, Encourage education
Adolescent 12-18 yrs. Identify with peers, out-groups, leaders, partners	Genital	Identity vs. Confusion	Formal Operations Analyze, Abstract	Postconventional “Universal” Right vs. Wrong	3-Synthetic- Conventional “Question” 4-Individuating-Reflexive “Compares”	Teen-age, Balance freedom with responsibility, Establish parent interests & careers of

DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES

ERIKSON: PSYCHOSOCIAL 8 STAGES OF MAN & GENERAL

TRUST VS MISTRUST (HOPE) BIRTH - 1 YEAR

Consistent response to needs builds trust in environment, self, feeling of inner goodness

Significant: Maternal/parent - baby relationship builds foundation for spiritual/relationship intimacy, separation painful 6 months - 1 year

AUTONOMY VS SHAME/DOUBT (WILL) 1-3 YEARS

Assertion of will, conflicting independence/dependence, "holding on & letting go," rituals-routines-sameness,

"No"--control: active, stormy, mobile

Significant: Parents

INITIATIVE VS GUILT (PURPOSE) 3-5/6 YEARS

Play more meaningful/ associative, explore, "intrusive" sex role\identity, imagination, curiosity, fantasy, fears,

internalizing values, conscience/guilt, sense of self

Significant: Family

INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY (COMPETENCE) 6\7-10/12 YEARS

"Mastery," & work pleasure, need for self esteem, desire to learn, increasing independence, awareness of world

at large, increased physical activity, empathy, concrete logic, rules, moralistic, right from wrong

Significant: Family, peers, school, neighborhood

IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION (FIDELITY) EARLY 10-12 YEARS: LATE POST PUBERTY

Physical changes, sense of identity never gained or maintained completely

---changing, feeling at home in one's body, sense of "knowing where one is going," "who am I?" inner certainty of anticipated recognition, readiness to face challenges of adult world, independence/emancipation from parents, values/ethics, life work prep

Significant: Peers, role models, leaders, family

INTIMACY/SOLIDARITY VS ISOLATION (LOVE) 21 - 35 YEARS

Growth, building, setting life's course, optimism, energy, self reliance, persona & career goals, love relationships

create bonds of intimacy, sense of self

Significant: Love relationships, family, "significant other"

GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION (CARE) 35-60 YEARS

Re-evaluation, time--limited, doubts, concerns--regarding sense of self, "Who am I?" step back--assess, lifestyle, family & career issues, responsibilities--burn-out, enjoy authority & involvement

Significant: Mate, family

INTEGRITY VS STAGNATION (WISDOM) 60+ YEARS

Satisfaction/dissatisfaction with choices, benefits, losses

Significant: Family, "significant other," grandchildren

FREUD: PSYCHOSOCIAL

ORAL: BIRTH - 1 YEAR

Feeding, sucking satisfaction, sensory input, movement; goal is to learn to cope with dependence, forms symbiotic relationship with mother

ANAL: 1-3 YEARS

Concerned with retention and elimination--if successful child learns to master part of external world; goal is autonomy--developing & coping with it

PHALLIC: 3-6 YEARS

Self centered, egocentric, narcissistic; infantile genital locomotor, conscious of own power, attempts to resolve Oedipal conflict--then identifies with same sex

LATENT: 6-10\12 YEARS

Learns to suppress infantile sexuality, identification of sex role, typically "homosexual," gains cultural & intellectual skills, "gang" stage

GENITAL: PUBERTY - OLD AGE

Libido invested in activities that prepare one to deal with mature sex drive; forming friendships, preparing for career, courting, marriage, homosexual to heterosexual orientation

PIAGET; COGNITIVE

SENSORIMOTOR: BIRTH-2 YEARS

Learns to coordinate actions with what is perceived, and develop object permanence (things exist, even when out of sight)

1. Use of reflexes: birth-1 month (suck, grasp...)

2. Primary circular reactions: 1-4 months

Reflex activity repeated--creates pleasure

3. Secondary circular reactions: 4-8 months

Actions intentional

4. Coordination of secondary schemes: 8-12 months

Goals are set, baby uses actions to meet them

5. Tertiary Circular Reactions: 12-18 months

Exploration & trial

6. Mental Combinations: 18-24 months

Thought begins as language used

Imitation common & object permanence well developed

PRE-OPERATIONAL THOUGHT: 2-7 YEARS

Language used to facilitate thought,logic not mature

Animistic thinking: Everything is alive with thoughts & feelings, magic & words as powerful as actions, wishes can come true, does not reason from observation & can accept false explanations without question

PRE-CONCEPTUAL: 2-4 YEARS

Egocentric thought: "self" perspective

Centration: One thought at a time

INTUITIVE: 4-7 YEARS

Decreasing egocentrism, increased awareness of thoughts of others & developing toward ability to see "other" perspective

CONCRETE OPERATIONS: 7-11 YEARS

Logical thought, classification, conservation, reversibility, "Literal " meanings

FORMAL OPERATIONS: 11 + YEARS

Abstract , logical, analysis, theory construction (Not necessarily "mature")

KOHLBERG: MORAL DEVELOPMENT

PRE-CONVENTIONAL: 4-10 YEARS EGOCENTRIC PERSPECTIVE

Consequences of actions (reward vs punishment) guide behavior

Avoidance of punishment

Satisfy one's own needs

CONVENTIONAL: 10-13 YEARS SOCIETAL PERSPECTIVE

Expectations of social group, family, community supported

That which pleases others, basis for moral decisions

Obey rules & authority

POST-CONVENTIONAL: 13+ YEARS UNIVERSAL PERSPECTIVE

Universal morals, principles, personal values become basis for moral decisions

FOWLER: SPIRITUAL

STAGE 0: UNDIFFERENTIATED: INFANT

Trust, related to caregiver & quality of care

STAGE 1: INTUITIVE-PROJECTIVE: TODDLER, PRESCHOOLER

Imitate religious activates, assimilate values & beliefs, moral codes from attitudes of parents

STAGE 2: MYTHICAL-LITERAL: SCHOOL AGE

Omnipotent diety (correlates with concrete operational thought), good behavior is rewarded, bad behavior is punished, conscience bothers when disobey

STAGE 3: SYNTHETIC-CONVENTIONAL: EARLY ADOLESCENT

Question established parental religious standards, modify religious practices

STAGE 4: INDIVIDUATING-REFLEXIVE: LATER ADOLESCENT

Skeptical, compare religious standards, searching

DUVALL'S DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF THE FAMILY

STAGE I: MARRIAGE & AN INDEPENDEND HOME: THE JOINING OF FAMILIES

Establishment/re-establishment of couple identity. Realign relationships with extended family. Make decisions regarding parenthood

STAGE II: FAMILIES WITH INFANTS

Integrate infants into family unit. Adjust to new parenting/grandparenting roles

Maintain marital bond

STAGE III: FAMILIES WITH PRE-SCHOOLERS

Socialize children. Parents & children adjust to separation

STAGE IV: FAMILIES WITH SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN

Children develop peer relations. Parents adjust to peer & school influences

STAGE V: FAMILIES WITH TEENAGERS

Adolescents develop increasing autonomy. Parents focus on midlife marital & career issues, shift toward concern for older generation

STAGE VI: FAMILIES AS LAUNCHING CENTERS

Parents renegoiate marital relationship; young adults establish independence

STAGE VII: MIDDLE-AGED FAMILIES

Reinvest in couple identity with concurrent development of independent interests

Realign relationships to include in-laws & grandchildren

Deal with disabilities & death of older generation

STAGE VII: AGING FAMILIES

Shift from work role to leisure & semi/full retirement

Maintain couple & individual functioning while adapting to aging process

Prepare for own deal & dealing with loss of spouse, siblings, peers